Duodenal Ulcer

Duodenal ulcers are a type of peptic ulcer that form in the upper portion of the small intestine, specifically the duodenum—the first section just beyond the stomach. These ulcers develop when the protective lining of the duodenum is compromised, allowing stomach acid and digestive enzymes to cause irritation and erosion of the tissue. 

The most common causes include infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria and prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen or aspirin. Symptoms may include a burning or gnawing pain in the upper abdomen, which often improves with eating but may return a few hours later, along with bloating, nausea, or, in severe cases, vomiting blood or passing black stools—signs of internal bleeding. Diagnosis is typically confirmed through upper endoscopy and testing for H. pylori. 

Treatment usually involves a combination of acid-suppressing medications, such as proton pump inhibitors, and antibiotics to eliminate H. pylori if present. With timely intervention, most duodenal ulcers heal completely, but untreated cases can lead to complications like bleeding, perforation, or obstruction. Lifestyle changes, including avoiding NSAIDs, reducing alcohol intake, and managing stress, can help prevent recurrence and support digestive health.