Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is a chronic digestive disorder in which stomach acid or bile frequently flows back into the esophagus, the tube that connects the mouth to the stomach. This backwash—known as acid reflux—can irritate the lining of the esophagus and lead to persistent symptoms such as heartburn, chest discomfort, regurgitation of food or sour liquid, difficulty swallowing, and a chronic cough or sore throat.

While occasional acid reflux is common, GERD is diagnosed when these symptoms occur at least twice a week or significantly interfere with daily life. Contributing factors include obesity, hiatal hernia, pregnancy, smoking, certain medications, and eating habits such as large meals or lying down shortly after eating. Left untreated, GERD can lead to more serious complications, including esophagitis, esophageal strictures, Barrett’s Esophagus, and even esophageal cancer. Diagnosis often involves a combination of clinical evaluation, endoscopy, pH monitoring, and imaging studies.

Treatment typically begins with lifestyle changes—such as weight loss, dietary adjustments, and elevating the head during sleep—along with acid-suppressing medications like proton pump inhibitors or H2 blockers. In severe or refractory cases, surgical options such as fundoplication may be considered. With proper management, most individuals with GERD can achieve lasting symptom relief and protect their esophageal health.

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