Esophageal Cancer

Esophageal cancer is a serious and potentially life-threatening malignancy that forms in the tissues of the esophagus—the muscular tube that carries food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach. The two main types are squamous cell carcinoma, which typically affects the upper and middle parts of the esophagus, and adenocarcinoma, which usually develops in the lower part and is often associated with chronic acid reflux and Barrett’s Esophagus. 

Early stages of esophageal cancer may not cause noticeable symptoms, but as the disease progresses, patients may experience difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), unintentional weight loss, chest pain, chronic cough, or hoarseness. Risk factors include tobacco use, heavy alcohol consumption, long-standing GERD, obesity, and dietary deficiencies. Diagnosis is typically made through upper endoscopy with biopsy, imaging tests, and staging procedures to assess the extent of disease. 

Treatment depends on the stage and may involve a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted or immunotherapy. Early detection is crucial for improving outcomes, and ongoing surveillance is recommended for individuals at high risk. With prompt, specialized care, treatment can help control symptoms, slow progression, and improve quality of life.