Peptic Ulcer

Peptic ulcers are open sores that develop on the inner lining of the stomach (gastric ulcers) or the upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers), typically caused by an imbalance between digestive acids and the protective lining of the gastrointestinal tract. The two most common causes are infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria and prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen or aspirin. 

Symptoms of a peptic ulcer may include burning or gnawing abdominal pain, especially between meals or at night, as well as bloating, nausea, loss of appetite, and in some cases, vomiting blood or passing black, tarry stools—indicating internal bleeding. While some ulcers may be asymptomatic, complications such as perforation or obstruction can occur if left untreated. Diagnosis is typically made through upper endoscopy, sometimes with biopsy, and confirmed with tests for H. pylori. 

Treatment usually involves a combination of antibiotics to eradicate the infection (if present) and medications to reduce stomach acid and promote healing, such as proton pump inhibitors. With appropriate treatment and lifestyle modifications—including avoiding NSAIDs, reducing stress, and eliminating tobacco and alcohol use—most peptic ulcers heal effectively, restoring digestive health and preventing recurrence.