Ulcerative Colitis

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes long-lasting inflammation and ulceration of the innermost lining of the colon and rectum. The condition typically begins in the rectum and can extend upward in a continuous pattern through part or all of the large intestine. 

Common symptoms include frequent diarrhea, often mixed with blood or pus, abdominal cramping, urgency to defecate, fatigue, weight loss, and, in some cases, fever. The exact cause of ulcerative colitis is unknown, but it is believed to involve an abnormal immune response, possibly triggered by environmental factors in genetically predisposed individuals. While the disease can range in severity, it often follows a pattern of flare-ups and periods of remission. Diagnosis is based on a combination of medical history, blood and stool tests, colonoscopy with biopsy, and imaging studies. 

Treatment focuses on reducing inflammation, controlling symptoms, and maintaining remission. Options may include anti-inflammatory medications, immunosuppressants, biologic therapies, and in severe cases, surgical removal of the colon. Lifestyle changes, such as dietary adjustments and stress management, can also play a role in symptom control. With proper medical care, many individuals with ulcerative colitis can achieve long-term symptom relief and improved quality of life.